Stanford Prison Experiment †Sociology 100 Paper

Stanford Prison Experiment – Sociology 100 Paper Free Online Research Papers Degradation at Our Expense Getting arrested is a very disturbing event for most people. Having the police come to your house to find you is even more disruptive to the human psyche. The events that occur during that particular event can have lasting negative effects. The procedures police use during arrests lead to people feeling degraded and dehumanized as well as angry, confused, and fearful. Having to endure that experience would probably be too much for me to handle personally. The rapport that police will have with the common person from that point on in their lives may be permanently changed or damaged due to how they were treated. During the arrest procedure in The Stanford Prison Experiment, the suspects were picked up at home, informed of why they were being arrested, searched on the police car in front of neighbors, and then driven away in the squad car with â€Å"sirens wailing† (prisonexp.org, 2009). This is the first reason why the procedure is disturbing. Having a group of police come to your residence, bust in the door if necessary, and drag you outside to complete their arrest procedure is downright humiliating, especially if your neighbors are watching. The police really do not care who sees them! Driving off with you in the backseat, sirens sounding, just adds to the feeling. All along the suspect thinks they are being charged with a violation of Penal Code 211, Armed Robbery, and Burglary, PC 459 (prisonexp.org, 2009), knowing in their heart that they did not commit any crime. The worst part is that the crime was never actually committed; this was all a ploy to see how far the suspects could be pushed or how much they could endure before they cracked, and how they will react for the rest of their journey . Next on the list of degrading acts by the â€Å"police† is when they arrive to the make-shift prison. Here the suspects are put through the whole normal booking procedure with a little extra; they are strip searched, hosed down for bugs, and given a smock-like dress to wear†¦..with nothing underneath. The prisoners were made to be completely humiliated by acting as if they had some awful germs by spraying them off, then had to wear garments that resembled dresses and be naked under them, and be shackled. Their whole persona would change, how they sat had to change so their private parts did not show, how they walked and carried themselves had to be adjusted, and they thought they were being marked as dirty, low-class, less than human citizens. How infuriating it must have been for these men. Heinous events continued to occur in the â€Å"prison† until it finally ended early after six days because of the abuse the men were receiving from the fake guards, and the conditions the men were being subjected to was unacceptable. The prisoners were informed that it had all been an experiment and just released and expected to go on living their lives as if nothing had ever happened. These prisoners still felt confused, fearful, degraded, and dehumanized due to what they had just been through. Will they always get that yucky feeling in their guts when they see a police car or hear a siren? Will their view of police change to negative if they have never been to a real prison because they have a vision in their head of how it is? Obviously in current times, this experiment would not occur. Ethically, it would not be allowed. It would be impossible to have unbiased results if the prisoners were told of the experiment previous to them being subjected to it. However, it would not get an approval due to the circumstances they out people in. Another factor is that people are more informed of their rights and will exercise those, even if it means when they are released. Lawsuits would be brought up and charges filed for mistreatment. Even the guards had to endure going against their morals at times and having to think that they had to almost fight for their lives so they used extreme force. For this to all be fake, it damaged many people. Those effects can last forever. On a personal level, I was arrested for something I did not know was going on, nor did I do. The police came to my house, broke down my door, cuffed everyone in the house, including my son who was twelve at the time, accused me of all kinds of things that I did not do, threatened to have my son taken away-right in front of him, made a mess of my car and house, and hauled me out in cuffs to jail. They did not care who saw me, who they damaged, who was really telling the truth, or what personal property they ruined. All they were interested in was making an arrest based on their search warrant and the charges filed against me. It was degrading and humiliating, not to mention horrifying and embarrassing. I had never been in trouble in my life for anything and have only gotten pulled over twice. This was over eight months ago and I still have issues; every time I hear cars outside my house, I get that bad feeling in my stomach, seeing a police car makes me nervous, and my son is just as bad. Luckily I got released that day. If I would have had to stay there for any amount of time, I think I would have gone crazy. It was dirty and the correctional officers speak to you like you are sub-human, including cussing and telling you that they do not care what you need or want. The saddest part about the whole experiment, or current situations, is that the future repercussions are not taken into account. The men they took in for the experiment back in 1971 might have really been bothered by the whole episode. They might have been permanently damaged and have a mild case of PTSD. Their families were affected as well by thinking that their loved one had actually committed some awful crime and knowing they were in abhorrent conditions. Being arrested and treated with such disrespect stays with you forever and leaves a bad taste In your mouth towards law enforcement, even with my son. Granted, police do good things, the bad things they do tend to stick in people’s minds and build a foundation as to how they will react in a situation. Some people are labeled as institutionalized and never recover from the circumstances they have had to deal with. Releasing them into society can have detrimental effects on everyone, including the individual. The relationsh ip between society and the individual then becomes a reciprocal one and they will react to the situation accordingly, whether it will have positive or negative consequences. References Zimbardo, Philip. (1999-2009). Stanford Prison Experiment. Retrieved April 15, 2009 from prisonexp.org/edge/page6.htm. Research Papers on Stanford Prison Experiment - Sociology 100 PaperUnreasonable Searches and Seizures19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCapital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenLifes What IfsThe Fifth HorsemanHip-Hop is Art

How To Get More Followers On Social Media With 30 Awesome Tips

How To Get More Followers On Social Media With 30 Awesome Tips How on earth do they do it? How do your favorite brands, bloggers, and personalities get more followers that seem to be raging, shout-it-from-the-rooftops fans? It feels like social media  followers  just flock to these people, naturally, with no effort from them whatsoever. And all the  while, you’re here, working your backside off, just to pick up a follow or a like or a mention from someone. It’s frustrating, isn’t it? But today, that frustration is going to melt away. You’re about to learn how to get more followers on  your social networks in a very scientific way. And youre going to unlock those industry secrets that are going to skyrocket you to more people, better conversions, and better customer experiences. Here we go How To Get More Followers With 21 Ways That Will Boost Your #SocialMedia Traffic 1. Post After Lunch To Reach More People Research from Chartbeat shows 3 p.m. to 1 a.m. is the optimal time to share on social media, with social traffic being at its highest in the late afternoon: While there is still mileage in posting through the morning (more on that next), schedule the updates you want to convert most with, like blog posts, in this time window. 2. Find The Best Times For You To Share To Social Media It's a generality to say that posting in the afternoon is the best way to grow your audience. But there are better times to post on social media than others. To find out  when your own audience is active on social networks, grab this Google Analytics custom report  we custom-built for you with love from . :) It'll tell you when your  current audience is clicking through to read your content. That  will help you understand what your most popular social networks are so you can use your time more effectively. You'll be able to share your content even  smarter. So let's use your own data to strategically choose the best times to share.  First, choose the blog you'd like to apply the report to: That report  doesn't look like much at first, but right off the bat you'll see which networks are your most popular ones: When you click through to see the data for each network, you'll see the best days to post on that network. Take it one step further and click through on those days, you'll see the best times to post on that network, too. That Google Analytics custom report  will work with your own data that comes directly from your audience. Use it to schedule your social messages at the best times to increase your traffic and opportunity  to get more  re-shares that could help you get more followers. 3.  Share More Often To Get More Followers The folks  over at Beevolve recently posed the question: If you tweet more, will you get  more followers? And, well, the short answer is yes: The more you share, the more followers you will get. But as the boffins over at Buffer noted, this could be for a few reasons: You become more practiced and effective at tweeting. You’re more active and can interact with more people. You have a larger volume of valuable tweets for people to interact with. But while it’s not clear whether this is correlation or causation, it doesn’t really matter. Tweeting more will increase the amount of followers you have in one way or another. Just be sure you’re not only updating about yourself†¦ 4. Inform For 2x More Followers In the world of social media, you’re unknowingly categorized into two separate camps: Meformers: People who talk only about themselves. Like your friend Dan and his incessant lunch updates. Informers: People who bring value to the table. The updates of a meformer are inward looking and have more of the feel of a broadcast: While an informer shares outward-looking, valuable information- a little like this: Now there is nothing wrong with being a meformer. It’s fine to do that for your friends and family on your personal accounts, like the other 80% of meformers out there. However, if you do want to get more followers, Rutgers university found that informers have 2x more followers because their updates and content are of value to the reader. Think of it a little in the terms of blogging. You wouldn’t write a post where you only say, I  or me  all the way through it. And you’re probably not going to tell them about your cousin's latest drunken mishap either. So focus on curating valuable, outward-facing social messages  with a personal touch. Those who inform get 2x more followers. #blogging #smm5. Be Positive, Always Being quintessentially British, this is a bitter pill for me to swallow. But, the data doesn’t lie. Dan Zarrella’s research found that the more negative remarks you make, the fewer  followers you'll get: Not only does positivity help you get more followers, Neil Patel also analyzed data that suggests people are much more likely  to share positive content, especially when it connects to these emotions: Curiosity Amazement Interest Astonishment Uncertainty Get the followers and shares your content deserves by sharing positive social messages. 6. You Have One Hour To Keep A Follower According to Lithium, 52% of people who Tweet your brand  expect you to respond within one hour (even if you're a solo blogger, you're a brand). And, if that’s a complaint, it jumps right up to 72%. If you don’t respond, they’re likely to punish you by either negative word-of-mouth, unfollowing, or other means. While if you do respond in a timely manner: 34% are likely to buy more from you. 43% are likely to spread positive word of mouth. 38% will be more open to your advertisements. 42% will share your good work with their friends. That means  not only is responding quickly good for your business now, it’s good for lead generation and the future of getting more followers. 7. Cash In On Daily Trends While it might not be fitting for your business to share your Man Crush Monday (David Beckham, always), it turns out there is actually an optimal day for everything on social media: Pinterest research found that different days of the week had different connotations for people. For example, starting the week off on a positive high with fitness and ending with chilled food and crafts. Your feed might not fit all of these categories. But, there are specifics like quotes or humor you can use no matter your industry: 8. Take Care Of The Little Guy You want power users to interact with your content. I know every time Jeff Goins likes or comments me on Facebook, I do a little fan-boy giggle. But the truth, as confirmed by Mention, is that 91% of the people who talk about your brand will have less than 500 followers: You’ve just seen that responding to the people who mention you can have a big impact on your business and conversion success. So, no matter who gets in touch with you, be sure to acknowledge them. 9. Use Large Twitter Cards For 3x More Interactions Research from Canva and BuzzSumo found that large Twitter summary cards create 3x more interactions than any other form of card: While you may not  be able to use these for every update because it’s code that has to be embedded into your page, it’s beneficial for: Blog posts Promotions Surveys Generation tools Sales pages Where you can display them in a larger, more informative manner, like this one: To get this card, simply head to this developer page and copy this  code: Head over to your post in WordPress, hit the Text tab, and paste  it in at the bottom of your post: Then edit the sections inside the quotation marks. So, for this post, the code would look like: meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" meta name="twitter:site" content="@" meta name="twitter:creator" content="@j4meswrites" meta name="twitter:title" content="Boost Your Followers Using Science" meta name="twitter:description" content="Want a scientific way to boost the amount of Social Media followers you have? Look no further..." meta name="twitter:image" content="http://.com/image-for-this-post-example-only" Reaching more people will inevitably help you get more followers. 10. Add Images To Facebook Updates For 2.3x More Engagement The decline in Facebook organic page reach has thrown a big wrench  in the engine  for social marketers. But, there are still some real glimmers of hope out there. That same research from Canva and BuzzSumo also found that adding images to your Facebook updates will give you 2.3x more engagement. Be sure to do this by uploading the image on its own, too. That way,  it goes into your Facebook post through the add photo’s function as opposed  to being pulled from the code on your post: 11. Use Video To Reach More People While photo posts are great for engagement, Facebook is slowly taking away the ability to reach more followers. In fact, it now has the lowest organic reach of any type of update, with video getting more than double that reach. You don’t have to be the one who  created that video content, either. You just need to upload it. Facebook might have been the start, but you can now experiment with video on tons of networks: Twitter, Pinterest, LinkedIn, and Google+ (well, YouTube) all have ways to use video to reach your audience. 12. Images Are Still King On Twitter, Though In a study of over 4,000,000 tweets, Stone Temple Consulting found that tweets with images had more than double the retweets  and almost double the likes  of those that didn’t contain images: More retweets equals more exposure. More exposure means more engaged followers. That’s a win/win right there. 13. Keep More Followers By Not Bulk Posting A big part of getting more  followers is keeping the ones you’ve already got; but if you’re guilty of bulk posting (I am), that could be problematic. Research from KAIST university in South Korea found that a big factor for people unfollowing is leaving too many posts at any one time: The survey participants unfollowed those who left many tweets within a short time, created tweets about uninteresting topics, or tweeted about the mundane details of their lives. So, take advantage of social scheduling  tools like   to space out your (exciting) posts across days, weeks, or even months instead of posting multiples at once. 14. Freebies + Offers = Fans + Followers A survey from Nielsen noted that... 52% of people who follow brands do it to learn about offers 38% follow to take part in competitions 33% do so to get access to freebies ...which is a lot of your follower base. In fact, more than  half of them are primed and ready to buy from or engage with you. So take advantage and let them spread the word for you at the same time. Create a competition or offer that involves retweets and shares, and you’ve got a campaign that will draw attention. 15. The 5 Essential Emotions Of Any Social Campaign There’s no way around it. The more shares, mentions, likes, and retweets your social campaign gets, the more followers you’re going to pick up along the way. But, what most social campaigns miss out on is emotion. And by doing that, you miss out on a huge opportunity to get more  followers. The big-wigs at Harvard studied marketing campaigns and the emotions that make them go viral. The results? Each campaign evoked at least one of these five: Admiration Interest Serenity Amazement Astonishment You’ll normally find you can combine two or three of these into any social media message. At the least, your headlines or content should create interest. If you want to see almost all of these encompassed in one sentence, look at this excellent piece of copy from Slavery Footprint: 16. Use The 3 Most Shareable Colors On The Internet I recently researched what makes the most shareable images on social media, and there  was some fascinating research in there. One of the standouts was this: Researchers at Georgia Tech studied over 1,000,000 images on Pinterest and discovered that using red, pink and purple in your graphics got you the most shares and interactions. Because, well, they’re deep visceral colours that create emotions like sexual arousal and failure in people. Try incorporating these colors into your next social media image by making them the focal point of your text, or the main image. The results could shock you. 17. Analyze Your Competitors (And Steal Their Followers) KissMetrics ran an interesting study about how to steal your competitor's followers. One of the most interesting aspects of that study- that you can use right now- is approaching their neglected fans. By running a competitor's Facebook page through FanPage Karma, you can see an analysis of Facebook trends, habits, and posting schedules. But, more importantly, you can see how that competitor  interacts with their audience. And, you’ll see that a lot of pages neglect their fans: And you’ll find that most of these pages are in the 60%+ for neglecting their fans' comments. So, you can swoop in by: Interacting with these people. Providing insights or answers the company  isn't. Building a community presence. Then you can  usher them back to your page without having to be all comment-link-spammy about it. 18. Be Authoritative About Who You Are Most people like authority, it’s just built into them. And, that’s been proven time and time again throughout history. But now it’s also come to the realm of social media. Dan Zarrella found that people who identify themselves as an authority have many more followers than people who don’t. So, don’t be humble in your profile. Identify yourself as who you are in the best possible light, just like you would on your resume. Knowing what you know now about meformers and informers, which of these sounds more appealing? Daydreamer, coffee enthusiast and author Writer, speaker, and the official author of the Blog The second one, of course. Because while the other is nice and accessible, the latter lets you make an instant decision on whether someone is worth following. 19. That Being Said, It’s Appearances That Really Matter†¦ OKCupid discovered that what you write about yourself on their dating site is less than 10% of what someone thinks about you. The other 90% is your profile pictures. And, that’s not just a stat that applies to dating sites either. It works for social media too. As Rand Fishkin found, having a brightly colored background  on your profile picture can make a big impact on the amount of followers you will get. Buffer’s extensive research into the psychology of profile pictures also validates that,  too. But you might be thinking, â€Å"I can’t have a profile picture like that; I’m a business†. For you, a simple logo picture will still be effective. And you can get creative with it, too, like KLM have done here: 20. Jump On The #Hashtag Bandwagon As much as you might think hashtags are a little silly, especially when you see them for toothpaste or toilet paper, they’re actually an incredible marketing tool. And, they can help you get more  followers much more effectively. Hashtags are  not only a big part of how we use social media; they’ve even started to become part of how you speak. Or, at least those up-to-date on popular lingo. More importantly, as Linchpin SEO shows, using hashtags  can help you get 2x  more engagement among other benefits: And, if you want to take a leaf from Marsha Collier's book, you can join in the conversation other people are having on your hashtag, like she does with the hashtag #custserv. Tuesday Customer Service Chat 9pET Is social customer service faster and better than other channels?#custserv pic.twitter.com/Eq4EnjbY9H Marsha Collier (@MarshaCollier) February 1, 2016 21. Post Milestones To Boost Your Organic Reach Post Planner picked up on a piece of information from Business Insider and Facebook that could seriously help you boost the amount of people you can reach there. Apparently, when you use the word, congratulations, more people pick up on your post. But this also appears to have carried on over to other milestones, too, such as: Weddings Graduations Landmark trips Babies or birthdays Awards And it doesn’t appear to just be speculation, either. When I posted a recent update about visiting Machu Picchu, a milestone event in my life, the engagement I got was huge: That  is much more engagement than my standard post at 12 to  20 likes a time. Some of these likes and comments came from people I hadn’t interacted with in years on Facebook, too. Other travelers, I was with reported getting 200 to 300 more interactions than normal on their Machu Picchu posts also. Post Planner also saw similar results from landmark posts when they looked at the most viral posts from Facebook’s top 50 brands, too. BONUS: 9 New Tips From The Team 22. Write Super-Catch Social Media Copy What you write on social media matters. So does how you write on social media. It's common to see social media copywriting faux pas. Brands, in particular, have a tendency to write sales-driven posts that simply aren't engaging. So, what's a marketer to do? Get good at writing exceptional post copy. Spend time crafting your posts. Don't just slap the first thing you think of on your social channels and call it a day. Here are a few pointers: Avoid anything that sounds like SPAM or includes a hard call-to-action (especially on Facebook). Try to keep your post lengths reasonable. Make use of image text. Best practices for this vary by network. However, using images to tell more of the story can make it easier to write clear, crisp, and concise posts. Here's a great example of this last point from Gary Vaynerchuk: This post does two things well: His post copy is short and catchy ... ... and it ties in nicely with the image text. The social sharing stats are proof this resonated with his audience too. 23. Reach Out To New And Interesting People It's easy to forget that social media is about being, well, social. That seems weird when you say it out loud. If social media is about connecting with others, then why do  so many brands seem so self-absorbed? The answer is because they often place sales first and conversation second. What they fail to realize, however, is they have that equation backwards. The solution here is simple: talk to people. Respond to all your Facebook comments. Tweet a shout-out to someone you think is crushing it out there. Whatever you do, don't just talk about yourself. This gets back to being an informer instead of a me-former. TIP: You don't have to wait for someone to talk to you first. Go out there and strike up a conversation. Twitter is a particularly great network for this. 24. Follow Others Everyone wants an enormous tribe of loyal social media followers. However, you have to give a little too here. Follow other accounts in your industry and people who follow your brand. This accomplishes two things: It makes it easier to monitor what your followers are talking about on social media (so you can create content that addresses those interests). It prevents you from looking anti-social. This is especially true on Twitter.  Just be sure to stay within Twitter's best practices. The more accounts you're following, the more opportunity you have to make connections with others. Stay within reason  and follow accounts you genuinely find interesting, and  you'll attract more and similar followers. 25. Add Shareable Content To Blog Posts This simply means incorporating graphics that can easily be shared socially on their own. For example, consider adding infographics or quote graphics that add context to your blog post, but can also tell a complete story on their own. This is a tactic we use at all the time. It's a great way to get more mileage from your efforts, and also provides you with the kind of easily shareable content that can attract more followers. 26. Be Consistent This should be a no-brainer. However, posting consistently is often tough for overworked content marketers and social media managers. Using a tool (such as or others) can help you maintain  a consistent  posting schedule across all your social channels. This is essential for engaging, retaining, and growing an audience. However, that's not all it means to be consistent. It's also important that your messaging remain consistent across networks too.   If you're building a cross-channel campaign, it's also important to ensure all messages on all networks  support  the same  overarching campaign theme.  If you say one thing on Facebook, you don't want to say something contradictory on Twitter (for example). Once again, we'll let Gary Vaynerchuk demonstrate this point: 27. Include Social Sharing Buttons On Your Blog And Website It's frustrating to read a great article, only to find there are no convenient social media buttons to share it with your followers. Including social sharing buttons in optimal locations on your pages makes it easier for readers to share your content. That, in turn, increases your ability to reach more people and grow your following. 28. Sometimes, You Gotta Pay To Play Paid promotion works well on social media when done correctly. In fact, Twitter even provides guidelines on how to build campaigns specifically to gain followers. 29. Use A Plugin Click-to-tweet plugins add attractive tweet boxes into blog posts for easy sharing. If you've been following our blog for a while, you've probably seen these in each post we publish (including this one). Here's an example of what they look like: Build your social media following with these 30 tips:Including click-to-tweet buttons makes it easy for readers to share your posts effortlessly. Here are two WordPress plugin options to consider: by (hey, we made this!)   by Warfare Plugins  (another excellent option from our friends) Both of these plugins are easy to use and can help attract Twitter followers (provided your posts are worth sharing). 30. Include Social Media Links In Your Email Signature You're probably sending plenty of emails to folks in your industry. Why not give them an easy way to find your company on social media? Drop some links to your brand's social profiles in your email signature for a quick win. If you use Outlook, it's even possible to add actual social media icons to your signature. Now You Know How To Get More Followers To Grow Your Traffic Okay, you’ve been hit with a lot of data there. But all of it is easy to do and super  valuable to help you get more followers on any social media channel. It doesn’t matter if you’re starting from scratch, or trying to increase your six-figure audience base, all of this data when applied will help you: Reach more people. Convert more people to your content or site. Get more social shares and authority. Now, the only question that remains is, which one are you going to start with to get more followers? Let me know in the comments!

Music in our life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music in our life - Essay Example Music gets viewed as type of language or speech. Vocal or instrumental music has the ability to deliver messages to the targeted listeners. Music has the power to poses subtler shades of meaning when compared to the spoken word but yet can display much more emotive forces. The innate ability of human beings to respond to musical tones, beats, rhythm, and pattern makes it possible for music to get used as a form of communication to them (UniOrb, 2011). Different music can communicate various messages to the listeners such as those of love, peace, unity, and even aggression. Music has the ability to produce a variety of positive trends on its listeners. Recent research studies pay tribute to the role of music in a modern branch of medicine called music therapy. This branch in medicine is getting notoriety over its therapeutic claims that music assists in accelerating the pace of recovery among patients undergoing either physical therapy, and or post-operative recuperation. Stimulating or relaxing music has the power to accelerate the recovery pace of patients. However, the ability of music to aid in such recovery relies on the ability of the patient to respond to the music and thus music becomes a form of supplementary recovery. Music has been shown to improve creativity among human beings. Music can serve as a muse and inspire to stimulate and activate individuals’ creative processes. A number of artists credit listening to music as having helped them to produce ingenious creations that they would have not been able to come up with on their own. Multiple studies have also linked music studies to academic achievement. A number of topflight professionals make a connection between their passion for music training and success in professional lives (Lipman, 2013). They credit music for opening up pathways to creative thinking. Music training suggests

European Union Enlargement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Union Enlargement - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  Turkey is most prospective country to join the Union with the aim of proving that Islam is compatible with western values and culture. All Balkan nations are also eligible enough to become potential members of the union. The move is aimed at ensuring peace is maintained. All this activities prove that the union is becoming very powerful. This enlargement however may cause the splitting of the union due to various social economic and political challenges facing it.This paper outlines that European Union, however, has been torn apart by two conflicting visions. One of the ideas is the Euro-nationalism or multi polarity that Tony Blair intensely opposes. Some members want the European Union to be an independent actor and lock out the United States. The other idea is referred to as Atlanticism, where the western alliance is maintained fully. When polls were conducted results showed that many members wanted the EU to be a super power like America. A few activities by the increasing size of the AU members are causing the European Union to fall behind economically. They involve the supervision of the Euro, the argument on Iraq and the constitution.  The foreseeable constrain that seems to be facing union has given the union a wakeup call to cautiously evaluate the challenges and risks of trying to expand and increase more members.  The greatest worry among top officials is the eastern expansion and the economic consequences that will be experienced.

Pressures Of Higher Education Essay Example for Free

Pressures Of Higher Education Essay It is a brisk day in October, and all the leaves are crackling as every college student around the country is headed to his or her library, trying to get some studying in for the next exams. Some fully understand the subject matter and will constantly pressure themselves to keep on getting better; Others do not fully understand the subject mater and are too busy thinking about how they intend to pay for this class again once they fail. Most belong somewhere in the middle, constantly contemplating why they even put the stress of higher education onto themselves. Higher education is the catalyst to advancing our society to unknown boundaries. The pressures that come along with higher education vary from relaxed to extremely exhausting. These pressures are showcased nonstop in community colleges, state universities and lastly Ivy League private universities. While community colleges have often been looked down upon as a relaxed version of actual higher education, community colleges have been proven to raise the amount of pressure and stress on the enrolled students. The levels of difficulty of the curriculums are indeed lower than those of other colleges and universities. That is not necessarily a bad thing knowing that the typical student enrolled in community college either was not fully prepared for the challenge of other colleges or universities, or they just were not financially ready to make that step up. These struggling students need more time to work on their problems. Students can pursue an Associates Degree in their major without feeling overwhelmed by the pressure of trying to get a bachelor’s degree too early, leading them into failing grades. The students that are enrolled simply because of not having the financial means to enroll into other colleges and universities tend to have a high level of stress, not because they feel stunned by the subject matter, but because of the opposite. Not feeling challenged enough can create pressure on them because they do not feel as if they are getting the education they truly deserve. Community college may come off as a pressure free area, but in reality it has its pressure provoking aspects like all other outlets of higher education. The pressures of state universities are easily visible from the outside vantage point. To start, the number of majors offered at state universities is astounding. Most people that are given that much choice tend to realize that they do not really know what they want to major in. This epiphany leads them into declaring undecided. To go along with the high number of majors, the curriculums of all these majors often are just as breathtaking in difficultly. The number of students to teacher ratio is usually staggering, which creates more pressure for a student to grasp the concepts the first time. The tuition for state universities averages around twenty thousand annually. Most full time students cannot afford this price; therefore, students are forced to rely heavily on financial aid and scholarships. When that many people are competing for the same pile of assets, some tend to get left without enough. This increases the focus on the pressure of finding enough money for every semester’s expensive needs instead of focusing on the actual classes they are paying for. Even though the average students that attend a state university tend to have more control over the pressures of higher education, they can still feel the pressure. The pressures of higher education are substantially more evident in Ivy League students, due to the utmost need to succeed. The term â€Å"Ivy League† is defined as a group of long established eastern colleges and universities having high academic and social prestige. It is not hard to understand why the Ivy League schools are in their own prestigious bubble of higher education. Every student that enrolls in these schools was once part of the highly pressured top five percent of his or her high school. These students often have a genuinely hard time with transitioning from a fairly easy curriculum into their new extremely rigorous curriculums. A smooth transition is needed in order to earn a degree from their respective schools. Without that smooth transition, the students will start to feel overwhelmed, and the pressure will overcome them. Another contributing factor of pressure in Ivy League schools is the fact that the prices of attending these schools match the arduousness . The average tuition for an Ivy League school reaches into figures above fifty thousand annually. Grants, scholarships and financial aid play a very substantial part in full time students’ lives. If they were to receive unsatisfactory grades, then they would lose everything. Being forced to find a way to pay that much for their education would pressure them into dropping out, effectively ruining every high aspiration that student once had. Even though the Ivy League students have tremendous control over pressure, the pressures of higher education like money and making perfect grades, can lead to the failure of an otherwise perfect student. It does not matter whether a student is enrolled in a basic community college, state university or an Ivy League school, students will be faced with pressured situations. For a community college student, the pressures of worrying about not being fully ready for the challenges of college, or just not having the financial means to pay for it, will present themselves. Having control over how pressure affects them, and having the means for state universities, does not guarantee you will be ready for the feeling of being lost in the crowd instead of being an individual. Even though you would assume Ivy League attendees are perfect, sometimes the pressures of having to live up to that standard can overwhelm the student. No matter the level of difficultly, pursuing higher education will always create pressure on a student; the different routes of higher education will just affect the student in their own unique ways.

20,000 Leagues Under The Sea :: essays research papers

20000 Leagues Under The Sea The year 1866 is an important time in nautical history. It is the year that the world was first terrified by an amazing ocean going monster, the Nautilus. During that year several ships had met with this "thing," a long slender object much bigger in size than any creature known to man. After tons of sightings and the pass of many months the "monster" began attacking any vessel that drew near. This alarmed all the world's nations and the United States decided that they would send out the Abraham Lincoln to defeat the "monster," and once again bring peace to all the seas. For the expedition the best ocean educated men were invited to join the crew for the the journey. Included in this group was Monsieur Aronnax of the Paris museum and Ned Land, a world known harpooner. Monsieur Aronnax had written a two-volume work called Mysteries of the Ocean Depths. His work was especially well received by scientists, making him a specialist in that field. With him he brought his trusted servant of ten years, Conseil. Besides being Monsieurs loyal servant Conseil was an extremely bright classifier. He took great joy in this and was sometimes a big help to his master when identifying different creatures. Ned had an excellent shot with his harpoon, one so good that fisherman around the world knew his name. The rough travels from one ocean to the next for months without a sign of the wretched creature. Then on the night of November 5 the Ned spotted a bright glow approaching from just below the waters surface. Reports stated that at times the monster tended to glow, so they took pursuit. For a day and two nights the Abraham Lincoln chased the monster through the waters of the Northern Pacific. As the creature let them draw near, the Abraham Lincoln began firing its cannons at the monster but the cannon fire would just bounce off what seemed to be a thick layer of armor. At last the monster began circling the frigate and suddenly began a rush at the side of the boat. The crash tossed some men to the decks and threw overboard Monsieur Aronnax and Ned Land. At the sight of his master plunging into the dark sea Conseil dove into the water to save the professor. The three men tread water for many hours until at last Ned came upon a large, hard object floating in the water.

Edlhodm Assignment

Table of Contents QUESTION 12 1. 1Role of communication2 1. 2 Positive educator-learner relationships2 1. 3Learner participation in a multicultural classroom2 QUESTION 23 2. 1 Improve learner motivation in classroom3 2. 2 Draw up the following of a positive classroom policy:3 2. 2. 1Aims and objectives of our class3 2. 2. 2Rules of our classroom3 2. 2. 2Task division3 2. 3 Define the following concepts:3 2. 3. 1 Leadership3 2. 3. 2 Control3 2. 3. 3 Intrinsic motivation3 2. 3. 4 Communication4 2. 3. 5 Cooperative learning4 2. 4 Autocratic and democratic styles4 2. 5 Conveying message4 QUESTION 35 Introduction5Five elements of delictual liability5 1. Act or conduct5 2. Wrongfulness5 3. Fault5 4. Causation6 5. Harmful consequence6 Contributory Fault6 Conclusion6 REFERENCES7 QUESTION 1 1. Role of communication Any relationship, without communication would collapse. To create a positive atmosphere in classroom – communication has to occur. What is communication? Coetzee, van Nieker k and Wyderman (2008: 82) describe communication as the transmitting of an idea by someone (the sender) and the understanding thereof by another (the receiver). Thus, the educator must be understood by the learner and learner must be understood by educator when conversing.Role of communication involves creating an understanding by the setting of ground rules, creating open professional dialogue with learners, holding personal discussions and creation of better relationships with learner. For the above responsibilities to be of impact, the educator involved need to adhere and fully commit him or herself into achieving each task profoundly. 1. 2 Positive educator-learner relationships According to Pianta (1999:1), positive educator-learner relationships are characterized by open communication, as well as emotional and academic support that exist between learners and educators.Positive educator-learner relationships become particularly important during early adolescence, as learner mov e from the supportive environment of primary school to the more disjointed atmosphere of a high school. They also become important for ensuring good academic performance from learners. I know this because the classes I enjoyed (when I was still a learner) were the ones I did well in. So for me to do well in those classes – I had to be internally happy in the class. This goes inline with what a theorist once wrote that any performance – including academic performance – is a product of ability multiplied by motivation.Motivation is intrinsic and involves emotion. If educator requires learners to perform – the educator has to motivate the learner in order for the learner to perform at the best of his or her ability. A motivated learner will perform well academically and then the educator will be satisfied by the outcome, resulting in a positive atmosphere in the classroom. 3. Learner participation in a multicultural classroom The first thing to do is to lear n about the different cultures in the classroom from cultural insiders, learners, books and internet.Adopt a story-telling teaching method whereby the learner will get an opportunity to share an experience using his or her past experience in his or her cultural background environment e. g. having a Zimbabwean in class should lead you to asking that learner about how certain thing in South Africa will he or she perform in Zimbabwe. They should share this knowledge also in oral and written form. Team work or group work should be adopted and the desks in the class should arrange as such. How the learners sit in class does also promote their participation. Each group should reflect diversity.When the individual learner or group ask question, the educator, is recommended to respond in a positive unbiased way to the learner question so to encourage repeated questioning behaviour. It is essential for the school to allow educator to undergo diversity development workshops so that there can be an understanding and respect of cultural differences in the classroom. Acknowledge each culture hero and communicate all culture holidays. Treat multicultural learners equally do not have culture favourites. QUESTION 2 2. 1 Improve learner motivation in classroom a) Reward learners (Tom 2008:1). ) Make sure course has real value (Tom 2008:1). c) Help learners perform better (Tom 2008:1). d) Set clear expectations for the course (Tom 2008:1). e) Tell them they’re wrong when wrong (Tom 2008:1). 2. 2 Draw up the following of a positive classroom policy: 2. 2. 1Aims and objectives of our class The objectives are a breakdown of the classroom vision. These objectives must be SMART objectives (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-limited) (Coetzee et al. 2008: 6). 2. 2. 2Rules of our classroom There must be an organization and management plan in place that will enforce efficient rules and procedures.They must be consistently followed and in which the educator and the learner clearly understand expectation of the learner behavior (Coetzee 2006: 40). 2. 2. 2Task division The task division must be unambiguous and clear. It must be according the class ability and standard of achievement. 2. 3 Define the following concepts: 2. 3. 1 Leadership Leadership is about inspiring persons or groups to such an extent that they willingly and enthusiastically work to accomplish set aims (van Niekerk 1995: 4). 2. 3. 2 Control Controlling is assessing the work done and being done to re-align and correct it when necessary (Study guide 2006: 25). . 3. 3 Intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation means that a person works because of an inner desire to be successful at a certain task (Coetzee et al 2008: 103). 2. 3. 4 Communication Communication can be described as the transmitting of an idea by someone (the sender) and the understanding thereof by another (the receiver) (Coetzee et al 2008: 82). 2. 3. 5 Cooperative learning Can be defined as a team approach to lea rning where each member of the group is dependent on the other members to accomplish a specific learning task or assignment (Coetzee et al 2008: 108). 2. Autocratic and democratic styles Autocratic style It is characterised by the strong leadership role of the educator namely: †¢ One-way communication. †¢ Little opportunity for creative thinking. †¢ Learner participation is usually more passive. †¢ Rigid discipline. †¢ The educator is more reserved (unapproachable). Democratic style It is characterised by a calm and inviting teaching attitude, namely: †¢ Self-expression by learners. †¢ A team spirit between educator and learners. †¢ The use of variety of sources, so that the educator is not the only source. 2. 5 Conveying messageIn a model for understanding communication, the communication process is described as: the steps between a source and a receiver that result in the transference of meaning. There is a need for a purpose (expressed as m essage) before communication can take place. To create that message the source had to initiate the process by a thought (idea, instruction, request). Then the source converts the message into a symbolic form. The message is then communicated through the medium called the channel. The receiver then decodes the message by assigning meaning to the message.Through feedback it will be then determined whether the understanding is achieved or not (Coetzee et al 2008: 86). QUESTION 3 Introduction The law of delict is a section of private law. This branch of law deals with civil wrongs against another person that cause the injured party to go to court to seek compensation from the wrongdoer for damages (Coetzee et al, 2008: 226). In the law of delict, also called â€Å"tort law† in some countries, a duty of care has to be established before anyone can be held liable for damages suffered because of his or her negligent behaviour (Beloff, Kerr & Demetriou in Rossouw, 1999:112).In this a ssignment, an analysis would be made regarding the duty of care that should have existed and was owed by the team coach and the school. The analysis would be made in reference to the five elements of a delict: action or conduct, wrongfulness, fault, causation and harmful consequence. The elements are then applied to the scenario and then it will be concluded if the team coach is liable or not and if there is not any contributory fault of the player. Five elements of delictual liability 1. Act or conduct According to Coetzee et al (2008: 226) to constitute a delict, one person (e. g. he educator) must have caused harm or damage to another by his or her action or conduct. The conduct must be a voluntary human action and may be either a positive action (i. e. doing something) or an omission (i. e. failure to do something). In the scenario, due to the team coach’s conduct of not inspecting the basket ball ground (i. e. failure to do something). and also, instructing the injured ( bleeding) player to phone his parents while bleeding- this requirement is met (i. e. doing something) or. 2. Wrongfulness Coetzee et al (2008: 226) state that the act (conduct) that causes harm must be wrongful i. e. t must be legally reprehensible or unreasonable in terms of legal convictions of the community, To test for unlawfulness, the boni mores principle is applied. The question here is whether the harm caused was unjustified in the circumstances. Most types of sport have ordinary as well as unexpected dangers. Referring to these dangers, Smith (2002:1) states that â€Å"it is prudent for a coach in the discharging of his or her duty to provide players with adequate warning†. This is called the disclosure requirement and implies that coaches cannot assume that participants know the dangers, even when they are very obvious.Therefore, the team coach was wrong for not inspecting the ground before the players practice on it. He was also wrong for telling the player to do t he phone call while injured. This requirement is met. 3. Fault The act must be the result of fault in the form of an intent (dolus) or negligence (culpa). The ‘fault’ refers to the blameworthy attitude or conduct of someone who has acted wrongfully (Coetzee et al 2008: 226). Regarding the playing field, surrounding grounds and other facilities, proper measures should be in place to safeguard all participants.Dangerous objects in the vicinity of playing fields should be removed or properly covered (Rossouw 2004:37). According to the scenario, it was the coach fault the player was injured. He should have inspected the ground so that the protruding steel could be identified. This requirement is met. 4. Causation There must be a causal link between the conduct of the perpetrator and the harm suffered by the victim (Coetzee et al 2008: 227). When injuries do occur, the coach should assess whether a player is fit to train, and training should be supervised in a proper way.Nor mally these assessments can be done without any immediate pressure, but when an on-field injury occurs, the liability of the coach may become a real issue (Rossouw 2004:37). Smith (2002:2) refers to Mogabgob v Orleans Parish School Board 239 2d 456 (1970) where a coach sent a player to hospital after two hours, whilst he actually needed urgent attention due to heat stroke and exhaustion. The player subsequently died and the court held the coach liable, because evidence suggested that the player would have survived if medical treatment had been administered sooner.In the scenario, the injury of the player might complicate because it is a head injury. The coach did not assess (according to the given scenario) the injured player and seems to care less and instructs the player to phone his or her parents. This is simple negligence from the couch and will result to a medical complication. This requirement is met. 5. Harmful consequence Since a delict is a wrongful and culpable act which has a harmful consequence, damages (causing harm) in the form of patrimonial (material) loss or non -patrimonial loss must be present.It is a basic duty of a coach to do everything in his or her power to prevent injuries to players (Coetzee et al 2008: 227). In the scenario the damages the player has suffered non-patrimonial damages. This requirement is met. Contributory Fault Contributory fault involves some of fault (in the form of negligence) on the part of injured person. This results when learner fails to exercise duty of care for someone in his or her age, then the court may decide that the negligent educator is not solely liable for damages resulting from an injury (Coetzee et al 2008: 230).According to the scenario, the player’s conduct was good because he was on the ground practising. The team coach – on behalf of his school – had to inspect the Discipline High School basketball ground. That was not the responsibility of the player. Regarding phone call to his parents – if he carries on according to the coach’s instruction – he cannot be held liable simply because head injuries can be associated with brain malfunctioning. Thus, he might not be thinking clearly. Conclusion It can then be concluded that there was no contributory fault on the player part. All the five required elements have been met.In South African law, when these five elements are present, the team coach (educator) can be found guilty of delict. This is due to the fact that the team coach by acting negligently caused damages to the injured player. Now, the player will need to be compensated for the loss suffered in the court of law (Basson & Loubser, 2001: Ch5, 11). REFERENCES Basson JAA & Loubser MM 2001. Sport and the Law in South Africa. Butterworths, Durban. In: Rossouw, J. P. 2004. â€Å"Where education law and sport law meet: the duty of care of the educator-coach in South African schools† North-West University, Potchefstroom Campu s.SA-Educ JOURNAL Volume 1, Number 2, pp. 28-40. Coetzee, SA, van Niekerk, EJ & Wyderman JL. 2008. â€Å"An educator’s guide to effective classroom management†. Pretoria: Van Schaik. McInnes-Wilson Lawyers. In: Rossouw, J. P. 2004. â€Å"Where education law and sport law meet: the duty of care of the educator-coach in South African schools† North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. SA-Educ JOURNAL Volume 1, Number 2, pp. 28-40. Pianta, R. C. , 1999. Enhancing Relationships between Children and Teachers. Washington, D. C. : American Psychological Assn. In â€Å"Forming positive student-teacher relationships† [Online] Available: http://www. edu. niu. edu/~shumow/itt/StudentTchrRelationships. pdf Rossouw, J. P. 2004. â€Å"Where education law and sport law meet: the duty of care of the educator-coach in South African schools† North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. SA-Educ JOURNAL Volume 1, Number 2, pp. 28-40. Smith F 2002. Liability for coac hes and school authorities in school spo rt. MW Education Update. Brisbane: Tom. S. 2008. â€Å"Motivate Your Learners with These 5 Simple Tips† [Online] Available: http://www. articulate. com/rapid-elearning/motivate-your-learners-with-these-5-simple-tips/

Multinational Corporation (Mnc) or Multinational Enterprise (Mne)

A  multinational corporation  (MNC) or  multinational enterprise  (MNE)[1]  is a  corporation  enterprise that manages  production  or deliversservices  in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an  international corporation. The  International Labour Organization  (ILO) has defined[citation needed]  an MNC as a corporation that has its management headquarters in one country, known as the  home country, and operates in several other countries, known as  host countries. Some multinational corporations are very big, with budgets that exceed some nations'  gross domestic products  (GDPs). Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in local economies, and even the  world economy, and play an important role in  international relations  and  globalization. Apple Inc. formerly  Apple Computer, Inc. is an American  multinational corporation  that designs and sells  consumer electronics,  computer software, and  personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products are the  Macintosh  line of computers, the  iPod, the  iPhone  and the  iPad. Its software includes the  Mac OS X  operating system; the  iTunes  media browser; the  iLife  suite of multimedia and creativity software; the iWork  suite of productivity software;  Aperture, a professional photography package;  Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products;  Logic Studio, a suite of music production tools; the  Safari  web browser; and  iOS, a mobile operating system. As of July 2011, Apple has 357  retail stores  in ten countries, and an  online store. It has been the  largest publicly traded company in the world by market capitalization,[7][8]  swapping spots with  ExxonMobil, and the largest technology company in the world by revenue and profit. [9]  As of September 24, 2011, the company had 60,400 permanent full-time employees and 2,900 temporary full-time employees worldwide; its worldwide annual sales totalled $65. 23 billion, growing to $108. 249 billion in 2011. Fortune  magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2011. 10][11][12][13]  However, the company has received  widespread criticism  for its contractors' labor, and for its environmental and business practices. [14][15] Established on April 1, 1976 in  Cupertino, California, and incorporated January 3, 1977,[16]  the company was named Apple Computer, Inc. for its first 30 years. The word â€Å"Computer† was removed from its name on January 9, 2007,[17]  as its traditional focus on personal computers shifted towards  consumer electronics. [18] 1976–1980: The early years Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by  Steve Jobs,  Steve Wozniak, and  Ronald Wayne,[1]  to sell the  Apple I  personal computer kit. They were hand-built by Wozniak[19][20]  and first shown to the public at the  Homebrew Computer Club. [21]  The Apple I was sold as a  motherboard  (with  CPU,RAM, and basic textual-video chips)—less than what is today considered a complete personal computer. [22]  The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666. 66 Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977[16]  without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multi-millionaire  Mike Markkula  provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple. [ By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line. The company introduced the ill-fated  Apple III  in May 1980 in an attempt to compete with  IBM  and  Microsoft  in the business and corporate computing market. [35] Jobs and several Apple employees including  Jef Raskin  visited  Xerox PARC  in December 1979 to see the  Xerox Alto. Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facilities in return for the option to buy 100,000 shares (800,000 split-adjusted shares) of Apple at the pre-IPO price of $10 a share. [36]  Jobs was immediately convinced that all future computers would use a graphical user interface (GUI), and development of a GUI began for the  Apple Lisa. [37] When Apple went public, it generated more capital than any IPO since  Ford Motor Company  in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history. In 1984, Apple next launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by the now famous $1. 5 milliontelevision commercial â€Å"1984†. It was directed by  Ridley Scott, aired during the third quarter of  Super Bowl XVIIIon January 22, 1984,[39]  and is now considered a watershed event for Apple's success[40]  and a â€Å"masterpiece†. [41][42] In 1985 a power struggle developed between Jobs and CEO  John Sculley, who had been hired two years earlier. [45]  The Apple board of directors instructed Sculley to â€Å"contain† Jobs and limit his ability to launch expensive forays into untested products. Jobs resigned from Apple and founded  NeXT Inc. the same year. [46] 1986–1993: Rise and fall Having learned several painful lessons after introducing the bulky  Macintosh Portable  in 1989, Apple introduced the  PowerBook  in 1991. The Macintosh Portable was designed to be just as powerful as a desktop Macintosh, but weighed 7. 5 kilograms (17  lb) with a 12-hour battery life. The same year, Apple introduced  System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system, which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for  Mac OS  until 2001. During this time Apple experimented with a number of other failed consumer targeted products including  digital cameras,  portable CD audio players,  speakers,  video consoles, and  TV appliances. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued  Newton divisionbased on John Sculley's unrealistic market forecasts. [citation needed]  Ultimately, all of this proved too-little-too-late for Apple as their market share and stock prices continued to slide. [citation needed] 1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention In 1996, Michael Spindler was replaced by  Gil Amelio  as CEO. Gil Amelio made many changes at Apple, including extensive layoffs. [54]  After multiple failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the  Taligent  project, then later with  Copland  and  Gershwin, Amelio chose to purchase  NeXT  and its  NeXTSTEP  operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple as an advisor. [55]  On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs became the interim CEO and began restructuring the company's product line. 1998–2005: Return to profitability On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the  Macintosh 128K: the  iMac. The iMac design team was led by  Jonathan Ive, who would later design the  iPod  and the  iPhone. [59][60]  The iMac featured modern technology and a unique design, and sold almost 800,000 units in its first five months. [61] On May 19, 2001, Apple opened the first official  Apple Retail Stores  in Virginia and California. 69]Later on July 9 they bought Spruce Technologies, a  DVD authoring  company. On October 23 of the same year, Apple announced the  iPod  portable  digital audio player, and started selling it on November 10. The product was phenomenally successful  Ã¢â‚¬â€ over 100 million units were sold within six years. [70][71 2007–2011: iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad Delivering his keynote speech at the  Macworl d Expo  on January 9, 2007, Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. would from that point on be known as Apple Inc. because computers were no longer the main focus of the company, which had shifted its emphasis to mobile electronic devices. The event also saw the announcement of the  iPhone  and the  Apple TV. [83]  The following day, Apple shares hit $97. 80, an all-time high at that point. In May, Apple's share price passed the $100 mark. [84] In October 2010, Apple shares hit an all-time high, eclipsing $300. [98]  Additionally, on October 20, Apple updated their  MacBook Air  laptop,iLife  suite of applications, and unveiled  Mac OS X Lion, the latest installment in  their Mac OS X operating system. 99]  On January 6, 2011, the company opened their  Mac App Store, a digital software distribution platform, similar to the existing iOS App Store. [100]  Apple was featured in the documentary  Something Ventured  which premiered in 2011. 2011–p resent: Post–Steve Jobs era On January 17, 2011, Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he would take another medical leave of absence, for an indefinite period, to allow him to focus on his health. Chief operating officer  Tim Cook  took up Jobs' day-to-day operations at Apple, although Jobs would still remain â€Å"involved in major strategic decisions for the company. [101]  Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world. [102] On October 4, 2011, Apple announced the  iPhone 4S, which includes an improved camera with 1080p video recording, a dual core A5 chip capable of 7 times faster graphics than the A4, an â€Å"intelligent software assistant† named  Siri, and cloud-sourced data with  iCloud. [110][111]One day later, on October 5, 2011, Apple announced that Jobs had died, marking the end of an era for Apple Inc. [ —————————————— ——- Culture Corporate Apple was one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that bucked the traditional notions of what a  corporate cultureshould look like in organizational hierarchy (flat versus tall, casual versus formal attire, etc. ). Other highly successful firms with similar cultural aspects from the same period include  Southwest Airlines  and  Microsoft. Originally, the company stood in opposition to staid competitors like  IBM  by default, thanks to the influence of its founders; Steve Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple was a  Fortune 500  company. By the time of the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"1984† TV ad, this trait had become a key way the company attempted to differentiate itself from its competitors. [142] Users Apple's brand's loyalty is considered unusual for any product. At one time,  Apple evangelists  were actively engaged by the company, but this was after the phenomenon was already firmly established. Apple evangelist  Guy Kawasaki  has called the brand fanaticism â€Å"something that was stumbled upon†. [154]  Apple has, however, supported the continuing existence of a network of  Mac User Groups  in most major and many minor centers of population where Mac computers are available. Mac users would meet at the European  Apple Expo  and the San Francisco  Macworld Conference & Expo  trade shows where Apple traditionally introduced new products each year to the industry and public until Apple pulled out of both events. While the conferences continue, Apple does not have official representation there. Mac developers, in turn, continue to gather at the annual AppleWorldwide Developers Conference. ————————————————- Corporate affairs During the Mac's early history Apple generally refused to adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, instead creating their own. [161]This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s beginning with Apple's adoption of the  PCI  bus in the  7500/8500/9500  Power Macs. Apple has since adopted  USB,  AGP,  HyperTransport,  Wi-Fi, and other industry standards in its computers and was in some cases a leader in the adoption of standards such as USB. [162]  FireWire  is an Apple-originated standard that has seen widespread industry adoption after it was standardized as  IEEE 1394. [163] Headquarters Apple Inc. s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of  Silicon Valley, at 1-6  Infinite Loop,  Cupertino, California. This Apple campus has six buildings that total 850,000 square feet (79,000 m2) and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos. [167] ———————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Finance In its fiscal year ending in September 2011, Apple Inc. hit new heights financially with $108 billion in revenues increased significantly from $65 billion in 2010 and nearly $82 billion available in cash reserve, but the market share decreased to 15 percent from 16. 6 percent. [219]

Difference Between Intrinsic and Instrumental Value

Difference Between Intrinsic and Instrumental Value The distinction between intrinsic and instrumental value is one of the most fundamental and important in moral theory. Fortunately, it is not difficult to grasp. You value many things, such as beauty, sunshine, music, money, truth, and justice. To value something is to have a positive attitude toward it and to prefer its existence or occurrence over its nonexistence or nonoccurence. You can value it as an end, as a means to some end, or both. Instrumental Value You value most things instrumentally, that is, as a means to some end. Usually, this is obvious. For instance, you value a washing machine that works- purely for its useful function, or instrumental value. If there were a very cheap cleaning service next door that picked up and dropped off your laundry, you might use it and sell your washing machine because it no longer has any instrumental value to you. One thing nearly everyone values to some extent is money. But it is usually valued purely as a means to an end. It has instrumental value: It provides security, and you can use it to purchase things you want. Detached from its purchasing power, money is just a pile of printed paper or scrap metal. Intrinsic Value There are two notions of intrinsic value. It can be: Valuable in itself  Valued by someone for its own sake If something has intrinsic value in the first sense, this means that the universe is somehow a better place for that thing existing or occurring. Utilitarian philosophers like John Stuart Mill claim that pleasure and happiness are valuable in and of themselves. A universe in which a single sentient being is experiencing pleasure is better than one in which there are no sentient beings. It is a more valuable place. Immanuel Kant holds that genuinely moral actions are intrinsically valuable. He would say that a universe in which rational beings perform good actions from a sense of duty is an inherently better place than a universe in which this doesn’t happen. The Cambridge philosopher G.E. Moore says that a world containing natural beauty is more valuable than a world without beauty, even if there is no one there to experience it. To these philosophers, these things are all valuable in and of themselves. This first notion of intrinsic value is controversial. Many philosophers would say that it makes no sense to talk about things being valuable in themselves unless they are actually valued by someone. Even pleasure or happiness are only intrinsically valuable because they are experienced by someone. Value for Its Own Sake Focusing on the second sense of intrinsic value, the question arises: What do people value for its own sake? The most obvious candidates are pleasure and happiness. People value many things- wealth, health, beauty, friends, education, employment, houses, cars, and washing machines- because they think those things will give them pleasure or make them happy. It may seemingly make sense to ask why people want them. But both Aristotle and Mill pointed out that it doesn’t make sense to ask why a person wants to be happy. Most people value not only their own happiness, they also value the happiness of other people. They are sometimes willing to sacrifice their own happiness for the sake of someone else’s. People also sacrifice themselves or their happiness for other things, such as religion, their country, justice, knowledge, truth, or art. Those are all things that convey the second characteristic of intrinsic value: They are valued by someone for their own sake.

Definition of Relief in Geography

Definition of Relief in Geography In geography, a locations relief is the difference between its highest and lowest elevations. For example,  with both mountains and valleys in the area, the local relief of Yosemite National Park is impressive. A two-dimensional relief map displays the topography of a given area. Physical relief maps actually have raised areas that represent different elevations. (You may have seen them in school.) However, if youre going for a hike, theyre not very practical to carry in your pocket. Flat Maps Flat maps represent relief in a variety of ways.  On older flat maps, you may see areas with lines of various thickness to represent variations in the steepness of locations. With this technique, known as  hachuring, the thicker the lines, the steeper the area. As mapmaking evolved, hachuring was replaced by shaded areas that represented variations in the steepness of the land. These types of maps may also show altitude notations at various locations on the map to give viewers some context. Differences in elevation on flat maps can also also be represented using different colors- usually lighter to darker for ascending elevations, with the darkest areas being the farthest above sea level. The drawback with this method is that contours in the land dont show up. Reading Topographic Maps Topographic maps, which also are types of flat maps, use contour lines to represent elevation. These lines connect points that are at the same level, so you know that when you travel from one line to another, you are either going up or down in elevation. The lines also have numbers on them, specifying which elevation is represented by the points connected by that line. The lines maintain a consistent interval between them- such as 100 feet or 50 meters- which will be noted in the maps legend. As the lines get closer together, the land becomes steeper. If the numbers become lower as you move toward the center of an area, they represent the site of a depression and have hash marks on them to distinguish them from hills. Common Uses for Topographic Maps Youll find topographic maps in sporting goods stores or online sites that cater to outdoor enthusiasts. Since topographic maps also display water depths, locations of rapids, waterfalls, dams, boat ramp access points, intermittent streams, wooded marshes and swamps, sand vs. gravel beaches, sandbars, seawalls, breakwaters, dangerous rocks, levees, and mangroves, they are extremely useful to campers, hikers, hunters, and anyone going fishing, rafting, or boating. Topographic maps also show aboveground and buried pipelines, as well as utility and telephone poles, caves, covered reservoirs, cemeteries, mine shafts, open-pit mines, campgrounds, ranger stations, winter recreation areas, and dirt roads that likely wont appear on your basic roadmap. While topography refers to land, a chart that shows the varying depths of water is called  a bathymetric  chart  or  map. In addition to showing depths with lines as on a topographic map, these types of charts may also show differences in depths via color-coding.  Surfers might review bathymetric charts of beaches in order to locate places where waves are likely to break bigger than in other areas (a steep ascent in proximity to a beach means larger waves).

Teachers' Perception of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12000 words

Teachers' Perception of Leadership - Essay Example However, they all agree that measuring job satisfaction is challenging because teachers are not in harmony with what satisfies them throughout their career. In spite of its difficulty to measure, investigators note that the degree of teacher satisfaction directly affects the school's stability, the quality of instructions and hence the overall climate of the school (Bogler, 2000; Richards, 2003; Woods & Weasmer, 2004). Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature Review Researchers examined the various qualities in a principal that are desired by teachers (Haser & Nasse, 2003; Nir & Kranot 2006; Jorissen, 2002; Richards, 2003). Richards (2003) compared the needs in terms of principal's behavior of three groups of teachers - those with 1-5years experience, those with 6 - 10 years and those with 11 years or more of teaching experience. Richards utilized a phenomenological study and discovered that the beginning teachers cited "emotional support and safety" as their main need. Teachers with 6-10 years valued "respect as professionals" as the key element in their job satisfaction while those with more than 10 years regarded "respect for their knowledge and experience" as their chief need (2003, p.12). However, support for the teacher was the main factor in influencing teacher's satisfaction for the entire range of teachers. Richards (2003), like Woods and Weasmer (2004), concluded that teachers at all stages in their career agreed that support in relation to parental confrontations, as well as in student... Researchers examined the various qualities in a principal that are desired by teachers (Haser & Nasse, 2003; Nir & Kranot 2006; Jorissen, 2002; Richards, 2003). Richards (2003) compared the needs in terms of principal’s behavior of three groups of teachers - those with 1-5years experience, those with 6 - 10 years and those with 11 years or more of teaching experience. Richards utilized a phenomenological study and discovered that the beginning teachers cited â€Å"emotional support and safety† as their main need. Teachers with 6-10 years valued â€Å"respect as professionals† as the key element in their job satisfaction while those with more than 10 years regarded â€Å"respect for their knowledge and experience† as their chief need (2003, p.12). However, support for the teacher was the main factor in influencing teacher’s satisfaction for the entire range of teachers. Richards (2003), like Woods and Weasmer (2004), concluded that teachers at all stages in their career agreed that support in relation to parental confrontations, as well as in student discipline were of primary importance for teacher retention and teacher job satisfaction. Other investigators have identified what teachers expect from their administration and their perception of their behavior. Factors affecting teachers’ satisfaction included the attitude of the principals toward them, the satisfaction of informal peer group relationship, freedom in planning work and the opportunity to participate in planning policies which affected them.